The Indus Valley Civilization, also known as the Harappan Civilization, was one of the world’s oldest urban cultures, flourishing in the ancient Indus River valley and neighboring regions in what is now modern-day Pakistan and northwest India. The civilization existed from approximately 3300 BCE to 1300 BCE. The cities of the Indus Valley Civilization were characterized by advanced urban planning, sophisticated drainage systems, and remarkable architecture. Here are some of the notable cities of the Indus Valley Civilization:

1. Harappa: Harappa is one of the most well-known cities of the Indus Valley Civilization and gave its name to the entire culture. It was located in present-day Punjab, Pakistan, and was discovered in the 1920s. Harappa was a major center of the civilization, featuring well-planned streets, brick-lined sewers, and impressive buildings.

2. Mohenjo-Daro: Mohenjo-Daro, meaning “Mound of the Dead,” was another significant city of the Indus Valley Civilization, located in the Sindh province of present-day Pakistan. It was one of the largest and most advanced cities of its time, boasting multi-story houses, an elaborate drainage system, and a Great Bath, indicating social and religious significance.

3. Dholavira: Dholavira is an archaeological site located in the Rann of Kutch, Gujarat, India. It is one of the five largest Harappan sites in the Indian subcontinent. Dholavira is renowned for its advanced urban planning, water conservation systems, and an intricate series of reservoirs and channels.

4. Rakhigarhi: Rakhigarhi is one of the largest sites of the Indus Valley Civilization, located in the Hisar district of Haryana, India. It is an extensive archaeological site with evidence of well-planned streets, residential complexes, and pottery workshops. Rakhigarhi is considered one of the oldest and most developed urban centers of the civilization.

5. Ganeriwala: Ganeriwala is an ancient site located in the Punjab province of Pakistan. Archaeological excavations have revealed the remains of a well-laid-out city with a complex drainage system and residential structures. Ganeriwala provides valuable insights into the urban life of the Harappan people.

6. Kalibangan: Kalibangan is an archaeological site in Rajasthan, India. It is known for its unique findings, including a plowed field, indicating early agricultural practices, and a furrowed plow, suggesting advanced agricultural techniques. Kalibangan also contains a citadel and a lower town.

These cities, along with several other smaller settlements, form the core of the Indus Valley Civilization. The archaeological remains of these ancient urban centers have provided invaluable information about the social, economic, and cultural aspects of this remarkable ancient civilization.