Muhammad bin Tughluq grew up in Delhi during the reign of his father. He received an excellent education in various fields, including theology, philosophy, mathematics, and astronomy. He was known for his intelligence and keen interest in arts and sciences.

Muhammad bin Tughluq ascended to the throne of Delhi Sultanate in 1325 AD after the death of his father. His reign was marked by ambitious but often impractical administrative and economic reforms. One of his significant decisions was to shift the capital from Delhi to Daulatabad (in present-day Maharashtra, India). The decision, meant to strengthen the empire’s southern defenses, led to a chaotic and disastrous migration known as the “Daulatabad Expedition.”

Muhammad bin Tughluq implemented several administrative reforms, including land revenue reforms and a token currency system. However, these reforms were met with resistance and often led to economic instability.

He conducted military campaigns in various parts of India, including the Deccan region and Bengal, to expand the Sultanate’s territories. While some of his military ventures were successful, others faced challenges and setbacks.

Muhammad bin Tughluq’s reign is often remembered for its complexity and the controversial nature of his decisions. His administrative experiments, while well-intentioned, often backfired and led to economic hardships and discontent among the people.

Despite his efforts to strengthen the empire, his reign is seen as a period of decline and instability in the Delhi Sultanate. After his death in 1351 AD, the Sultanate faced a series of revolts and the disintegration of territories.

Muhammad bin Tughluq remains a subject of historical study and intrigue, representing a complex period in India’s medieval history. His reign reflects the challenges faced by medieval rulers in balancing ambitious reforms with the practical realities of governance.